Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The disease is caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family.
FMD is characterized by the development of fever and the formation of vesicles (fluid-filled blisters) in the mouth, on the tongue, on the muzzle, and on the hooves. The blisters can be painful, leading to lameness in affected animals. Additionally, infected animals may experience a decrease in milk production and weight loss.
The virus is primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or through contaminated materials such as feed, equipment, and clothing. It can also be transmitted through the air over short distances. FMD does not usually affect humans, but it can have significant economic consequences for the livestock industry due to trade restrictions and the culling of infected or exposed animals.
Control measures for FMD include vaccination, quarantine, movement restrictions, and proper biosecurity practices. Rapid detection and response are crucial to preventing the spread of the virus. In many countries, there are strict regulations and surveillance programs in place to monitor and control FMD outbreaks.